![]() ![]() Such a knowledge would help to design a tailored therapeutic strategy for them. However, the serum GDF-15 level in each pathological renal disease and its prognostic impact in patients receiving renal biopsy remains uncertain. In contrast, a decrease in serum GDF-15 levels was observed after kidney transplantation. GDF-15 predicts mortality in hemodialysis patients. Serum GDF-15 levels are associated with the progression of renal impairment in patients with various etiologies, including chronic kidney disease, IgA nephropathy, and diabetes mellitus. GDF-15 is receiving great concern thus far as a key biomarker to assess the stages of cardiovascular and renal diseases and predict clinical outcomes in patients with these diseases. A synthesis of GDF-15 seems to be a compensatory response to these tissue injuries and GDF-15 seems to have a protective effect upon multiple organs, including heart and kidney. GDF-15 is secreted by various organs, including kidney and heart in the clinical situation of hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a member of the proteins assigned to the transforming growth factor-β family. The number of patients with chronic kidney diseases due to a variety of renal diseases is increasing, and novel biomarkers are desired to risk stratify the patient cohort for a tailored therapeutic strategy to improve patient mortality and morbidity
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